Science Fiction Writer
ROBERT J. SAWYER
Hugo and Nebula Winner

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I hope you enjoyed "The Hand You're Dealt." Here are some notes on the science that went into making the story, for those who are curious about such things.

For speculation on the role of genetics in shaping the fine details of personality, see Living with Our Genes by Dean Hamer, a molecular biologist with the U.S. National Institutes of Health, and Peter Copeland (Doubleday, 1988).

Two good journal articles on this topic are listed below:

"Our Genes, Ourselves?" by Ari Berkowitz, from the January 1996 issue of BioScience. Abstract:

Genetic research supports that genes determine the physical, behavioral, emotional and cognitive characteristics of humans. Although these aspects are also controlled by biological mechanisms, linkage studies show that genes determine peoples' abilities, preferences and emotions.

"Genetic dissection of complex traits" by Eric S. Lander and Nicholas J. Schork from the September 30, 1994, issue of Science. Abstract:

Medical genetics was revolutionized during the 1980s by the application of genetic mapping to locate the genes responsible for simple Mendelian diseases. Most diseases and traits, however, do not follow simple inheritance patterns. Geneticists have thus begun taking up the even greater challenge of the genetic dissection of complex traits. Four major approaches have been developed: linkage analysis, allele-sharing methods, association studies, and polygenic analysis of experimental crosses. This article synthesizes the current state of the genetic dissection of complex traits — describing the methods, limitations, and recent applications to biological problems.

For briefer, popular treatments of the same themes, see:

• "The Personality Genes: Does DNA Shape Behavior?" by J. Madeline Nash in the April 27, 1998, issue of Time, and
• "Were You Born That Way?" by Karen Kuehn, George Howe Colt, and Anne Hollister in the April 1998 issue of Life.

Dean Hamer (author of the first book I cited above) is the most interesting figure in the study of genes that influence complex behaviors. He has already, he believes, identified genes and gene combinations associated with such things as:

• having difficulty quitting smoking
• novelty-seeking (or thrill-seeking) behavior, such as skydiving
• male homosexuality
• anxiety

How, you might ask, could genes control such behaviors? Well, on a biochemical basis, the thrill-seeking gene seems to produce a protein that is less efficient at absorbing dopamine, the neurotransmitter that makes us feel good after intense experiences; if you have trouble absorbing it, then you need much more intense experiences to get that same thrill — and, voilà! — suddenly you're jumping out of a plane in hopes of stimulating that feeling.

Anxiety likewise has a chemical basis, based on serotonin levels in the brain.

But what about male homosexuality? Because it was the most controversial of Hamer's finds, it got the most press. The research by Hamer and his colleagues points to a stretch of DNA called Xq28 at the tip of the X chromosome; its presence or absence correlates very strongly with whether a man declares himself to be gay. The original study makes fascinating reading: "A linkage between DNA markers on the X chromosome and male sexual orientation," by Dean H. Hamer, Stella Hu, Victoria A. Magnuson, Nan Hu, and Angela M. L. Pattatucci (Science, July 1993). For supporting evidence from a later follow-up study, see "X chromosome again linked to homosexuality" by John Travis (Science News, November 4, 1995).

And what about future extrapolations? As we complete the sequencing of all the DNA that makes up a human being (the goal of the current international Human Genome Project), and we start setting present and future supercomputers to the task of finding correlations between observable human behaviors and specific genetic markers, will we find genes or gene combinations that are indicative of other complex behaviors? It's quite reasonable to suppose the answer is yes. Among those I mention in "The Hand You're Dealt" are genes for group sex with Asian women and for incestuous pedophilia.

Although I confess to at least partially choosing the initial example for its humor value, it is something that's much more likely to have a genetic basis than, say, liking being whipped specifically with chains. Why? Because the male tendency to want to scatter sperm far and wide clearly is genetic (the more women one impregnates, the more copies of one's genes get to live); a group-sex gene is just a more-aggressive version of what is essentially the male-adultery gene being predisposed to not just maximizing sexual partners over a lifetime, but maximizing them in each sexual encounter.

What about the desire for Asian women? Well, first, of course, being a North American, I'm using the term "Asian" in the North American sense of meaning racially Oriental, not the European sense of someone from Asia; no North American refers to a native of India as an Asian, but Europeans commonly do; North Americans use "Asian" because "Oriental" is not currently considered politically correct.

Anyway, a gene for a desire for Asian women is much more plausible than one for a desire for, say, Catholic women, since ethnicity is entirely genetic, whereas religion is, for most people, a matter of personal choice. But a desire in a white man (the character in my story with this gene has the last name Korsakov; he's presumably descended from Russian stock) for women who, at a glance, are very different from him genetically is nothing more than a refinement of that old male tendency to want to scatter genetic material far and wide. The genes are, in essence, saying: "that women looks nothing like the body currently carrying me, and therefore can't have yet integrated much of my DNA into her gene pool."

And since both the "group sex" concept and the "women who aren't part of my gene pool already" concept are both driven by the same goal — maximizing dissemination of genetic material — it's quite reasonable to propose a gene that links them both.

What about the gene for incest? Well, although concentrating recessive genetic disorders is clearly not in your gene's best interest if the offspring dies before it can reproduce, incest does afford an opportunity to produce offspring with 75%, instead of the normal 50%, of your own genetic material; clearly there would be some "selfish gene" (to use Richard Dawkins's phrase) selection pressure in favor of a genetic basis for it.

More Good Reading

The story "The Hand You're Dealt"
"The Hand You're Dealt" nominated for the Hugo Award
"The Hand You're Dealt" nominated for the Arthur Ellis Award

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